Mouth Ulcer Differential Diagnosis_ Identifying the Underlying Causes

Mouth Ulcer Differential Diagnosis: Identifying the Underlying Causes

Mouth ulcers are a common oral condition that can be caused by various factors, ranging from benign to potentially serious underlying health issues. While most mouth ulcers are harmless and resolve on their own, it's crucial to consider a differential diagnosis to rule out more serious conditions and provide appropriate treatment. This comprehensive approach helps healthcare professionals distinguish between different types of oral lesions and identify the root cause of the ulceration.

The differential diagnosis for mouth ulcers encompasses a wide range of possibilities, including:

Aphthous Stomatitis (Canker Sores): These are the most common type of mouth ulcers, typically appearing as small, round, or oval lesions with a white or yellow center and a red border. They are usually painful but benign and heal within 1-2 weeks.

Trauma-induced Ulcers: These can result from accidental biting, burns from hot food or drinks, or irritation from dental appliances. They usually heal quickly once the source of trauma is removed.

Viral Infections:

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Causes cold sores, typically on the lips or around the mouth, but can also appear inside the mouth.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Mainly affects children, causing ulcers in the mouth and rashes on the hands and feet.

Herpangina: Another viral infection common in children, causing small blisters in the mouth and throat.

Bacterial Infections:

Syphilis: In its secondary stage, can cause multiple painless ulcers in the mouth.

Tuberculosis: Rarely affects the oral cavity but can cause persistent ulcers.

Fungal Infections:

Candidiasis (Thrush): Causes white, patchy lesions that can develop into ulcers if left untreated.

Autoimmune Disorders:

Beh?et's Disease: Characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, along with other systemic symptoms.

Lupus Erythematosus: Can cause oral ulcers as part of its diverse symptom profile.

Pemphigus Vulgaris: An autoimmune blistering disorder that can affect the mouth.

Gastrointestinal Disorders:

Crohn's Disease: Can manifest with oral ulcers as an extraintestinal symptom.

Celiac Disease: May present with recurrent aphthous-like ulcers.

Nutritional Deficiencies:

Vitamin B12, Iron, or Folate Deficiency: Can lead to recurrent mouth ulcers.

Allergic Reactions:

Contact Stomatitis: Caused by allergic reactions to dental materials, oral hygiene products, or certain foods.

Medication Side Effects:

Certain drugs, such as NSAIDs or chemotherapy agents, can cause oral ulceration.

Malignancies:

Oral Cancer: While rare, persistent ulcers that don't heal can be a sign of oral cancer.

Lymphoma: Can occasionally present with oral ulceration.

Systemic Diseases:

Cyclic Neutropenia: A rare blood disorder that can cause recurrent mouth ulcers.

HIV/AIDS: Oral ulcers can be a manifestation of HIV infection or related opportunistic infections.